Position paper for 2020 tourism Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Position paper for 2020 tourism Strategy - Essay Example The ACT Government, under the auspices of VisitCanberra, prepared the 2020 Tourism Strategy. The strategy seeks to provide a framework within which the full potential of the tourism industry in Canberra can be realized (The ACT Government, 2013). Its goal is to increase the revenue from overnight visitors to Canberra spend from the current $1.58 billion to $2.5 billion by the year 2020. This goal is consistent with the National Tourism Strategy 2020 that seeks to double the amount of money overnight visitors in the whole of Australia spend from the 2009 figure of $70 billion to $140 billion by the year 2020. The basis of the 2020 Tourism Strategy was a thorough market research of the industry (The ACT Government, 2013). The research project profiled the current tourist products and experiences as well as potential for new ones. In the first short run, the strategy will seek to realize its goal through a raft of measures. The first measure is to invest in the marketing of tourist destinations in the Canberra region for both local and international visitors. The second measure is to realize direct international flights and to expand the local aviation industry. The third is to enhance the technological capacity of the industry. The fourth is to promote sectors that complement the tourism industry. These include transportation and commerce. The fifth measure is to create an enabling business environment by eliminating barriers to entry and keeping statutory requirements to a minimum. Finally, the Government shall invest in new tourist products development. The Government recognizes that the above actions cannot be realized single-handedly; they will require the cooperation and coordination of all stakeholders (The ACT Government, 2013). These include tourism enterprises, regulatory bodies and all the attractions that the Commonwealth funds. Another broad goal if the strategy is to promote the

Why Do Most Rural Construction Projects Fail Construction Essay

Why Do Most Rural Construction Projects Fail Construction Essay A research on the construction projects Is done on rural areas to see why rural construction projects fail, reasons for rural project failure are found to be, poor communication, lack of skills to the people who engaged in a project. Rural construction failure is affecting the economy since there is more money spent on the projects and people from rural areas need to be developed, as we know that rural areas where neglected so they were not privileged enough , so government is trying to develop the rural areas by proving the projects that will help community to develop. The research conducted on construction projects failure is valuable since it will help people to know how to overcome project problems, The report will give knowledge to the community and the professional team in how to avoid rural projects failure. PREFACE Many of the construction projects influential clients do not recognize the project management is an essential ingredient for use with any system of procurement of a new facility. This report is key guidance compiled under the active direction of a multi- disciplined working group. Project management, as a professional disciplined, has been the subject of numerous definitions and considerable confusion in the construction industry. The aim of this report is to provide reader and all members of the construction team with definitive strategy for any project from outset, defining the responsibilities of all concerned to achieve completion on time, to the specification defined by the brief and within budget. The report has been prepared as a definitive document which will enable a reader to understand the role and responsibilities of the project manager on any major or minor project. The report is a practical document and will allow the team to practice the art to gain an understanding of the process involved and techniques employed. Similarly, readers will be able to explore and complete range of project management activities. Since inception of democracy in 1994, the government of the Republic of South Africa has been introducing policies and programmes to ensure economic empowerment. The Black Economic Empowerment initiative was introduced to combat and or reverse past economic inequalities. The main focus of the programme was to empower black in general, Africans in particular. South Africa is predominantly occupied by rural areas; hence the centre of attention is shifted to rural development in terms of empowerment. However, this initiative has been succeeding but there are challenges facing the programme in the sense that those challenges are outweighing the benefits. For example, we have tender entrepreneurs, youth and women who are actively involved in the project or business world and are contributing positively to economic development that will lead to economic growth of the country. Even though we are gradually succeeding in this initiative but the triple challenge still exists which is poverty, unemployment and inequalities. In conclusion, failure to implement projects properly leads to a programme failure hence the need to identify project weaknesses and come up with effective mechanisms is of paramount important. There are many reasons why the rural construction projects fail; these reasons are discussed as follow: 1.1 Financial capacity Lack of capital contributes immensely to project failure. For example, black entrepreneurs are experiencing problem when it comes initiating a project. The majority of these entrepreneurs are entirely depending on ceding their rights to acquire financial assistance from Financial Institutions. 1.2 Lack of Training There are no practical structures in place that deals with a training of these entrepreneurs in the sense that they entirely depending on their talent or calling to execute the project thoroughly. They lack the aptitude to understand the project principles and actual practically implement those principles which are critical to project success. Even if there is a functioning structure, the maximum participation is inadequate from the side of participants. 1.3 Lack of Accountability From the side of the community no one is informed enough to question the standard of the project under implementation in the sense that the project leader does his or her will in term of implementing the project. In contrary, there is a lack of monitoring on the side of the government to hold the project leader or implementer accountable. 1.4 Human Resources There is lack of skilled labourers to implement project successfully. For example, the project entirely depends on the unskilled labourers for implementation. Therefore, it makes life of the project to be difficult. For instance, to an unskilled person it is normally not to question the opinion of the superior, even though he or she knows beyond the reasonable doubt that the opinion is impractical for the project execution. 1.5 Physical Resources Most of the natural resources that exist are never tested to check the viability before the execution in the sense that they are executed with a no prior testing to check their effectiveness. For example, natural resources such as soil to be used for agricultural cooperatives are used with no prior testing to check their suitability for planting. As result, most of crops do not yield returns because of the above mentioned short coming. 2. To identify the impact of project failure to economic growth 2.1 Increase in the level of poverty Failure to execute the project successfully will minimise the opportunities of self-sustainability to communities. For example, in the agricultural projects that are meant for cooperatives, failure on the part of the project leader to execute the project successfully will lead to community inability to sustain itself. As a result, the poverty levels will increase as community members will have to purchase from the retailers instead of doing it themselves. 2.2 Increase in the level of unemployment If the opportunities arise for project execution in a particular location, local labourers from that particular community have exceeding expectations for employment. Therefore, that means at the inception of the project more people will be employed, but as the project gradually fails to be completed those who were employed will be retrenched or redundant. 2.3 Increase in the level of Inequalities The existence of the project especially the empowerment project is to bridge the gap between those who have and those who have not. Therefore, that means those who have not will have something if the project succeeds, but if the project fails an opposite is applicable or vice visa. CHAPTER 3 CRITICAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Why rural construction projects often fail? Rural construction projects often fail for many reasons. Firstly, rural communities lack participation and knowledge to hold project leader or executor accountable. Secondly, there are no monitoring systems in place in the part of government to monitor the progress of the project until completion and hold the project implementer accountable in case of non-performance. Finally, project leaders sometimes produce substandard performance due to lack of expertise and experience to execute the project until its completion. 2. How do we then deal with these rural project failures? Firstly and foremost, through campaigns for public awareness the level of public participation level will be improved because the public will be aware that they own these projects, the success of the project will be dependent on their active involvement. Secondly, if communities are well trained to improve the level of their competency they will become watch dogs and watch every move of the project that is taken by the contractor to ensure that the standard quality of project is achieved. Thirdly, on the monitoring part of the project there should be a continuous a level of training to familiarize those responsible for monitoring with the development so that they are updated. Finally, on the side of the contractor, there should an alignment of the expertise and the scope of works to ensure that maximum quality is achieved. CHAPTER 4 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY Firstly, community participation and involvement in a project is one of the key elements of action research, by proactively and systematically working towards improving the levels of involvement in the various stages of a project, the outcomes are more likely to suit local circumstances and ensure community ownership, and increase the sustainability of a project. However, developing and maintaining the participation of stakeholders can often be a challenge requiring various strategies and considerations. Secondly, on the government side the significant of the research helps to identify problem areas and arrive at the corrective measures in order to combat inefficiencies within the system in as far as monitoring is concerned. Finally, the same situation will apply on the part of the contractor or project leader as above in terms of identifying problematic areas that will have an impact on the progress of the project and come up with mechanisms to combat non-performance at an earlier s tage of the project. CHAPTER 6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research was conducted with several Client Departments such as Department of Roads and Public Works (DRPW), Department of Education (DOE), Health Department (DOH), Social Development Department, Local Government and District Municipality in Alfred Nzo Region, Eastern Cape. The Department of Roads and Public Infrastructure Managers, Eastern Cape were interviewed on what could be the cause of rural construction project failure such as schools, ECDC (Early Childhood Development Centres, Clinics and Roads since the department does their infrastructure projects in the Eastern Cape Province and District Municipality Infrastructure Programme Managers were also interviewed based on the failure of projects they render to the communities. IDP meetings are held every month and the District Municipality Infrastructure Programme Manager invites all Interdepartmental Infrastructure Programme Managers to come and report on projects which are either on planning or implementation. Articles were also used to find other possible ways of minimizing the failure of our rural construction projects. CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION The success of this initiative is entirely dependent on identifying the problematic areas that are there to hamper the progress of the rural projects. Therefore, positively identifying these problematic areas and effectively coming up with creative mechanisms will ensure the rural project success. In addition, the rural project success will ensure that the government initiative achieves its objectives of ensuring economic development that will ultimately lead to the economic growth. As a result, this growth in economy will positively address the triple challenge that is facing our democratic South Africa. TERMINOLOGY DRPW Department of Roads and Public Works DOE Department of Education DOH Department of Health DM District Municipality DOT Department of Transport IDP Infrastructure Development Program

Benefits of the Weight Watchers Program Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet

Benefits of the Weight Watchers Program Weight Watchers is an excellent program to aid in weight loss and healthy eating. It is an easy, healthy, and effective method for losing weight and eating correctly. Weight Watchers has based their program on a point system, making it easy to follow by counting points assigned to foods. It promotes healthy eating habits by regulating serving sizes, which are set by the United States Department of Agriculture. In addition to promoting healthy eating habits, it offers support for people who might need it. The support, along with the eating plan, helps dieters lose weight and eat healthy. Weight Watchers is very easy to follow. This is because the program has allocated a point value to every food. The points are related to the amount of calories the food contains; the more calories a food has, the more points it is given. For example, one apple has one point. The dieter is allowed a certain number of points per day, therefore restricting the amount of calories from anywhere between 1200 and 1700. Depending o...

Historical King Arthur Essay

King Arthur is one of the most well known historical figures of all time. One of the most interesting debates surrounding the legends and tales of King Arthur is whether or not he truly existed. The debate has its roots in the Renaissance time when Arthur’s existence was defended as the basis for the Tudor monarchs to trace their ancestry back to King Arthur as a way to hold onto their reign. Modern historians argue that a King Arthur may have existed though he was not the same King Arthur in the much loved legends and tales that have been passed down from generation to generation. This debate will continue as there has been no logical proof that King Arthur did actually exist (The Camelot Project, 1). At the same time, the influence of King Arthur will remain an important part of history as well. King Arthur has had a significant influence on literature, art, music and society as far back as the Middle Ages. The legend of Arthur projects him as a great legendary British king born to Uther Pendragon and Igraine. Some versions of the legend also include information regarding three half sisters of Arthur. Arthur married Guinevere and legend says they had no children together although Arthur did father children. Some versions of the Arthur legend contend that Perlesvaus was fathered by Arthur and Guinevere but other versions say this is not so (Joe, 1). Further, in various versions of the legend, Arthur’s son had different names. One legend states that Arthur killed his son while another says his son died after being attacked by a wild boar (Joe, 1). These ancestorial facts are unclear and vary across different versions of the legends which is perhaps one reason why the existence of a real King Arthur is so heavily debated. There has been no archeological evidence that a real King Arthur ever existed. Without absolute proof it is difficult to separate potential facts from the many legends that surround King Arthur (Joe, 1). Perhaps the reason why the legend of King Arthur is so popular is because King Arthur was a bright light in the face of treachery and darkness (Snell, 1). King Arthur brought peace to his land by defending it from every danger and also expanding his empire to encompass great amounts of land. Under the command of King Arthur, a group of knights helped the helpless, battled evil and scoured the land for holy relics. The courageous nature of King Arthur makes him a true hero that many generations of people have looked up to. He gave people hope in sorrowful times by being the type of ruler that looked out for the weak and the poor. Despite the fact that King Arthur is so loved and admired, he remains a legend. There is no existing proof that can provide without a doubt that King Arthur is a true historical figure. Instead, the legend of King Arthur will remain a legend (Snell, 1). The vast amount of literature and other media that focus on King Arthur may cause some people to assume that these stories are based in part on fact. However, there is no evidence that any of the facts surrounding the legend of King Arthur are true. Part of the reason why so many people assume that King Arthur is a true historical figure may be based on The History of the Kings of Britain which details the life and rule of the exalted King Arthur (Snell, 1). This historical document provides so many in depth details about King Arthur that many find it hard to argue with. However, the reference for this document has never been found so the facts included within cannot be proven. Further, some are of the opinion that the author of this document, Geoffrey of Monmouth, wrote the history in order to make others view his people in a more positive light (Snell, 1). There are many scholarly facts that aid in disproving the actual existence of King Arthur. These are the facts that enable King Arthur to keep his place in history as one of the most noble and well loved kings of all time. Legend holds that King Arthur was able to single handedly lead an assault that left nine hundred dead and allowed him to reign as king for nearly one hundred years. Legend also holds that King Arthur fought giants and strange beasts and was led by a red dragon (Ogden-Korus, 1). Since none of these mythological creatures or fantastic feats are possible, it can be assumed that King Arthur is a legend as well. This leads to the goal of many scholars. They wish to uncover facts that may prove whether there really was a King Arthur behind all the folklore (Ogden-Korus, 1). So far, they have been unsuccessful in proving that King Arthur ever did exist so he remains a legend to this day. In order to find proof of King Arthur, many archeologists have attempted to find concrete evidence that can be directly traced to the legendary king. There is very little evidence in Britain that can be traced back to the time of King Arthur. For example, the primary building tool during King Arthur’s time was wood, which completely decomposes over time and would not provide any proof of the existence of King Arthur. Further, the field of archeology cannot deal with specifics (Ogden-Korus, 1). Instead, archeologists analyze existing evidence and make educated guesses regarding ancient history. With regards to the place and times of King Arthur, these educated guesses have led to the conclusion that King Arthur is simply a legend. One of the most common associations with King Arthur is Camelot and the Knights of the Round Table. However, this connection cannot be considered fact. The legend of King Arthur is said to have lived during the sixth century but the creation of Camelot did not come into existence until the twelfth century when it became a part of literature (Ogden-Korus, 1). There are other more compelling discoveries that have aided in spreading the opinion that King Arthur did once exist. However, this evidence, while compelling, is not concrete. For example, Tintagel Castle, the alleged birthplace of King Arthur was a thirteenth century castle so it could not have existed during the time of King Arthur. However, in 1998, an archeological dig at Tintagel Castle uncovered a sixth century fort underneath the castle (Giger, 1). This evidence alone does not point to the existence of King Arthur. There are many sixth century forts in England and Wales and the discovery of this one does not provide concrete evidence that King Arthur ever existed – only that a sixth century fort existed where legend says that King Arthur was born (Giger, 1). This type of evidence is exciting and motivates historians and scholars to continue their search for evidence that King Arthur did exist. However, at this time no concrete evidence has been discovered to prove the King Arthur was anything more than a legend. Despite the fact that there is no definitive proof that King Arthur ever existed, there have been many myths that surround his name. Camelot is the perhaps the most well known myth that surrounds the legend of King Arthur. As previously discussed, Camelot did not come into existence until it was included in literature in the twelfth century (Ogden-Korus, 1). Camelot is the most well known and famous castle associated with King Arthur. Experts agree that Camelot is most likely a fictional place because its exact location is unknown. â€Å"Camelot, located no where in particular, can be anywhere† (Lacy, 67). The myth of Camelot has been allowed to spread because of how much people respect and admire the legend of King Arthur. The various versions of the myths surrounding King Arthur often contradict one another but people are willing to overlook such discrepancies because the writings about King Arthur are so captivating and entertaining (Miller, 1). People want to believe that such a magnificent person could really have existed so they get caught up in the myths surrounding King Arthur and begin to believe that he was a real person. Another myth that the legend of King Arthur has influenced is the legend of Lancelot, one of the Knights of the Round Table. Sir Lancelot is considered one of the best and one of the worst knights in the court of King Arthur (Sir Lancelot Online, 1). Lancelot is a creation of literature that emerged at the same time that Camelot did. In this portrayal, Lancelot becomes the most valuable knight of King Arthur. He was chivalrous and brave and accomplished many important tasks including rescuing Guinevere from Meleagant and once again rescuing her from being burned to death for committing adultery with him (Sir Lancelot Online, 1). Sir Lancelot helped contribute to the myths surrounding King Arthur because his heroic deeds made King Arthur look good. Ultimately, Lancelot betrays King Arthur by committing adultery with Guinevere but this too makes King Arthur look good because people pity him for the wrongs committed against him. Another important and famous myth surrounding King Arthur that has contributed to the admiration of many is his sword, Excalibur. Excalibur is said to have magical powers. Part of the reason why the myth of Excalibur makes King Arthur so admired is because some versions of the myth discuss how King Arthur pulled the sword from a stone thus making himself appear magical and strong. However, other versions of the myth keep Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone separate. The myth that includes King Arthur pulling the sword from the stone provides some with evidence that he was a true king because only a true king would be able to even pull the sword out of the stone. Other versions say that Excalibur was a sword the King Arthur obtained through Merlin from the Lady of the Lake (Ford, 1). The fact that King Arthur used such powerful weapons also provides a compelling reason why so many people believe in the power of King Arthur. These weapons are also part of the reason why King Arthur has survived throughout history as one of the most revered kings of all time. One final aspect of the legend of King Arthur that has enabled him to live throughout history is the myth of Merlin. Merlin is a well known wizard that mentored King Arthur. Merlin had supernatural powers and abilities and is said to have engineered the birth of King Arthur through his magical powers (Briggs, 440). The magical powers that surrounded Merlin were of enormous benefit to King Arthur because they enabled him to accomplish great things. These great things are what has allowed King Arthur to become as legendary as he remains today. King Arthur is a real historical figure in that many people truly believe that he actually existed. This belief has been passed down from generation to generation so that the legend of King Arthur has become real to so many people. The fantastic accomplishments that are credited to King Arthur make him a much loved and respected ruler. At the same time, the magic and mystic that surround King Arthur provide a sense of mystery that captivates people into believing the myths. These myths have allowed King Arthur to rise in prestige and remain so popular. However, there is no historical or archeological proof that King Arthur ever existed. If such proof is out there it has yet to be discovered. The fact that the legend of King Arthur is so well known and loved has allowed the myths associated with the legendary king to become valid parts of the King Arthur legend. For example, most people do not realize that Camelot and Lancelot are fictional creations that came into existence some five hundred years after the time of King Arthur. These myths have provided King Arthur with a reputation of greatness that cannot be based on historical fact. At the same time, there is no harm in allowing people to believe that King Arthur was real because in the hearts of many King Arthur was real. There is no definitive data to back this assumption up but this does not deter many people from believing in the existence of King Arthur. In the end, history has not proven that King Arthur truly existed but literature and movies have created a character that is so loved that he has become â€Å"real† and he will remain â€Å"real† as long as people continue to be captivated by the legend of the King Arthur and the myths that surround him. Briggs, Katharine Mary. An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies and Other Supernatural Creatures. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976. 440. Ford, David Nash. â€Å"Excalibur. † Brittania. 2000. 17 Feb 2009 . Giger, Remus. â€Å"In Search of†¦ King Arthur. † Associated Content. 2007. 17 Feb 2009 . Joe, Jimmy. â€Å"King Arthur. † Timeless Myths. 1999. 17 Feb 2009 . Lacy, Norris J. â€Å"Camelot. † The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1991. 67. Miller, Michael D. â€Å"The True Story. † Camelot: The True Story. Moffat, CO: Rideout Publishing, 2008. Ogden-Korus, Erin. â€Å"An Archeological Quest for the ‘Real’ King Arthur. 1999. 17 Feb 2009 . Sir Lancelot Online. â€Å"Sir Lancelot of the Lake. † 17 Feb 2009 . Snell, Melissa. â€Å"The Truth of Arthur. A Legendary King. † About. com: Medieval History. 1999. 17 Feb 2009 . The Camelot Project. â€Å"Historical Arthur. † King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. 2001. 17 Feb 2009 .

James

The reading that I decided to summarize is called â€Å"The Emergence of the Star System in America† by Richard Decorate. The topic Is very useful because It emphasizes the Idea of the star system. The system Includes different kinds of Information that was created about actors.The velveteen of the system was influenced and developed through three transformations like â€Å"the discourse on acting, the picture personality and the star† The reading is significant because the write takes the reader thought the Journey about what perception of film actors used to be before 1907 and how the incept of performers kept evolving and changing till the year of 1914.The first transformation Is the discourse on acting. Decorate argues that before 1907, film actors were not popular and all the â€Å"Journalistic discourse of the time focused primarily on the scientific aspects of the apparatus†). It was assumed that films were products that did not have any involvement of hum an labor until the rise of another discourse in 1907, the importance of the labor in film production.The discourse led to a new knowledge which created a â€Å"struggle destined to resituated the site of textual radioactivity for the spectator away from the work of the apparatus Itself' Another very Important aspect Is that at the time all those who appeared In films were called picture performers and their activities were described as posing because the activity of acting in film was known only in terms of photography due to â€Å"struggle between a photographic and a theatrical conception of the body' (Decorate, p 19). In 1908, a huge decrease in demand of documentary films led to development of dramatic films.It led too huge popularity of people who appeared in films and who had a lend of the prolific, film and the real stories. The blend led to strengthening of the concept called the picture performer and acceptance of the fact that the â€Å"art of acidulous be translated to the screen† (Decorate, p 22). The acceptance allowed society to legitimate the concept of cinema and get new tastes of consumption like a combination of good action and acting in order to appeal to large audiences. The second transformation is the picture personality.Actors presented themselves with fictional names and public personalities. Three kinds of knowledge appeared hill creating the personality. The first one Is the circulation of the name that emphasizes the â€Å"difficulty of separating the circulation of the players' names and the circulation of the films they were in† (Decorate, p 25). Actors were identified in specific films because of names. The second knowledge is intellectuality. It â€Å"constituted the picture personality† . The knowledge was created by both the cinema and press. Personalities of performers supposed to be Just like their characters had.The knowledge emphasized stage experiences of actors. The last ell known transformation Is the star. Stars have always been â€Å"characterized by a fairy through going articulation of the paradigm professional Life/private life. With the emergence of the star, the question of the player's existence outside his/her work in films entered discourse† Around 1914, there was already no restriction in terms of knowledge and textually of players in films. Personal lives of stars became a new kind of a popular knowledge. Professional and personal lives became self-controlled film characters.Eventually, the main difference between â€Å"the picture personality and he star is that the later supports a family discourse† The redundancy and closure of the two lives led to the emergence of the star concept with its system and power. The writing is very useful it terms of understanding how the concept of the star was created and why it evolved in certain ways. It was also very helpful to understand the emergence in terms of the three key transformations likeliest discourse on acting, the picture personality and the star. The transformations allowed me to learn about interconnected aspects and facts which led to the concept of the star system.

Deformed Cloned Animals Research Paper Example

Deformed Cloned Animals Research Paper Example Deformed Cloned Animals Paper Deformed Cloned Animals Paper skin ,heart etc. there are many ethical concerns over therapeutic cloning because the embryos used to create the stem cells are destroyed. Stem cells can also be used to get organs for organ transplants. Genetically modified (GM) foods Cloning can also be used to genetically modify food crops so that they produce more seeds and better seeds and that dont get diseases. These foods are called genetically modified (GM) foods. There has been a lot of controversy over whether these foods should be consumed or not. Many scientists feel that if we eat these foods they can create many problems like diseases for us in the future. Thus, even though GM foods are available to us people are still in doubt as to whether they should consume them.UK has recently given the go ahead for farmers to grow GM crops. This has come after a long debate in the UK as to whether GM crops should be grown. US scientists are warning of a serious risk to human health after the discovery that traditional varieties of major American food crops are widely contaminated by DNA sequences from GM crops. Crops engineered to produce industrial chemicals and drugs GM crops could already be poisoning GM-free crops grown for food in the US. This has raised concern over GM crops all over the world. GM crops can also have a very bad impact on farmland wildlife due to the harmful chemicals that they produce. Should humans be cloned? Many people are very opposed to cloning humans. The U.S. Congress has passed a bill to ban human cloning which would make it a crime to even attempt human cloning and to ship, receive or import cloned embryos or products derived from them. Many people feel that it is unethical and immoral to clone humans. The human genome project which is researching the human genome plans to give scientists more information on human cloning. Last year advanced cell technologies in Worcester, Massachusetts announced that it had cloned a human embryo. An Italian doctor, Severino Antinori has said that he has cloned and implanted a human embryo in a womans uterus. Clonaid, an American company promise to clone a human baby for $200,000.cloning humans is still be very risky and needs more research. Researchers have not only cloned sheep like dolly but they have also cloned other animals like cats, monkeys, mice, goats, pigs, rabbits, etc. Attempts to clone other species have also been unsuccessful and very few cloned animals have survived. The genes of cloned mice are severely compromised and arent functioning properly. The same may happen if we clone humans. Religion also has to be taken into consideration if we want to clone humans. Many religions feel that we shouldnt clone people and play god. After the religious sect the Raelians claimed they had successfully given birth to the first cloned human baby, everyone in the US Congress agreed on the need for a ban on the practice. The Raelians believe that humans are created by aliens and are strong advocates of cloning. They say that they have already cloned a human child. Dolly the sheep Dolly the sheep was the world first cloned mammal. She has recently died at the age of 6.she had to be killed by lethal injection because she was suffering from lung cancer and severe arthritis. Although most sheep live to the age of 11 and 12 she died early. The postmortem indication indicated that she was quite normal apart from her cancer and arthritis. She was famously cloned by Dr. Ian Wilmut of the rosin institute, Edinburgh, Scotland. She was the first sheep to be cloned after 276 unsuccessful attempts .Dr. Wilmut himself isnt ruling out that Dollys arthritis was a symptom of her cloning origins. Dolly also had many problems with weight; she was very overweight and constantly on drugs. Her death reopens the debate on cloning and its problems. She is the worlds most famous cloned animal. The advantages of cloning Therapeutic cloning can solve the problems of many people who have defective organs or problems with their organs like lungs, liver, etc. by using stem cells to grow organs. Human clones can also be created to donate their organs. To prevent rejection of the new organs the cells used to generate stem cells and grow the organs can be taken from the patients themselves. Couples who cant have children due to sterility or other reasons can still have children who resemble them and are genetically identical to them through cloning. Even if the woman is sterile she can still have the child from her body if the scientists implant the embryo in her uterus. Cloning can be used to obtain treatments for diseases like Parkinsons disease, diabetes, heart disease, kidney aliments, cancer, hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, cystic fibrosis, etc. The techniques of cloning form an integral part in the effort to prepare advanced medicines for diagnosis, vaccines and for the treatment of various diseases. Thousands of patients benefit from these techniques. Hereditary diseases can also be prevented through cloning by detecting whether a baby has any diseases through its genes and preparing early for any disease which could even save its life. With cloning we can also have children with the characteristics of parents even if one parent suffers from a serious genetic illness. In this process the scientist who clones the child ensures that it gets that particular gene from the parent who does not have the illness. Doctors can also eliminate strands of DNA that cause deformation and diseases like Down syndrome to ensure that a healthy child is born. Animals can also be cloned with human genes so that their organs can be used for human transplants. E.g.: the British company IMUTRAN is mass producing hogs to donate organs. This has an added advantage because the organs will be cloned from animals and cannot be rejected. Animals that are endangered can be cloned to increase their numbers and be repopulated .Through cloning extinct animals may also be brought back. It will be a very significant achievement if this happens. Researchers are already trying to clone a frozen wooly mammoth. Extinct animals can be cloned through the cells that are in the bone marrow of their skeletons. We can also clone deceased pets. We may be able to clone many great people like Einstein, Newton and Aristotle for the benefit of mankind. e.g.: we could clone someone like Aristotle who, instead of practicing philosophy could be building rockets or solving the problems that mankind are facing. Human diseases can be researched by studying animal clones like mice which are genetically engineered to carry disease carrying mutation in their genes. Genetically modified animals are being produced in large numbers to produce drugs or proteins that are useful in medicine. e.g.: bacteria producing insulin for diabetic patients Cloning through genetic engineering will also give parents the right to choose what characteristics they want in their children to have. It is the parents ambition to want their children to have certain characteristics. Disadvantages of cloning Cloning can be immoral. Many religious groups and people believe that man should not play god. They also believe that genetic engineering is unnatural and people should not overstep their bounds. Many people also believe that cloning and genetic engineering are wrong because they generate dangerous attitudes towards children, especially those with disease. They also believe that children who are cloned are psychologically affected by it. Most species are interrelated by food chains in nature. Scientists think that introducing genetically modified animals to the wild will disrupt food chains. Cloning is very expensive and highly inefficient .more than 90% of cloning experiments fail to produce results. There is a very high failure rate due to many reasons. The main reason are due to the improper development of the egg with the newly transferred nucleus and the egg not being able to attach itself to the uterus wall. Cloned animals have higher rates of infection, disorders, die early and have many other problems. e.g.: about a third of cloned calves born alive died young and had poor health. Cloned animals have been found to be much bigger than normal animals and have abnormally large organs. Clones can have many defects e.g. cows that were cloned were less attentive and intelligent than normal cows. Cloning also causes imbalance in animals protein, hormone and fat levels. Sometimes scientists can make mistakes when modifying the genetic material of animals (imprinting genes) causing abnormalities. This can be a great risk with humans. Most imprinting errors occur when embryonic stem cells are being cultured in laboratories. Through cloning there is the possibility of compromising individuality, creativity and freedom. If each person is cloned many times there would be a lot of people who are alike, creating confusion. People would have nothing unique about them. The clones could even take over the identity of original people. Sometimes the women who are carrying the cloned embryos may themselves face pregnancy complications. Cloning will cause us to lose our diversity. The beauty of humanity lies in the differences between people. with cloning everyone would look the same, act the same and be the same Some people are resistant to certain diseases and others are not. This is usually through genes. If people were cloned and had the same genes then they would all be at risk of getting the same disease that they were all not resistant too and being wiped out. This could even happen to the entire human race if everyone on earth had the same genes. In a way it would be inhumane to clone people because clones will not be considered as individuals or humans. They will be considered as a persons property and may even be sold .It will be unethical to sell humans even if they are cloned humans. People may abuse cloning technology to do illegal and immoral things by creating clones for their own purposes. If a child was cloned and became disfigured due to some error the parents dreams will be shattered and they would have to try and get a child by cloning an embryo again. This way thousands of embryos will be destroyed. This is also the case with animal cloning. Researchers believe that it is unethical to destroy embryos that will eventually form children. e.g.: a cloned cow recently died weeks after its birth with a huge abnormality in blood pressure. The same could happen to human clones leading to questions over the ethics of cloning. Conclusion Cloning has both its advantages and disadvantages. I am not opposed to further research into human cloning to find out whether it will be possible to clone humans or not. I also feel that additional research should be done for animal cloning to see whether it should be continued. I am still not sure about the plans to start cloning humans. I fell that without doing proper research into the problems that are there in cloning and solving the problems we shouldnt start cloning humans. References http://english.people.com.cn/200108/01/eng20010801_76227.html globalchange.com/clonlink.htm

Mark Twain Essays - English-language Films, Picaresque Novels

Mark Twain Essays - English-language Films, Picaresque Novels Mark Twain In his famed novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain writes a classic American adventure story, complete with moral dilemmas, the theme of an individual against society, and the proverbial journey into maturity. However, the focus of his book is not on the adventure itself, but rather on the pseudo father-son relationship that springs up between Jim and Huck during their pilgrimage down the Mississippi. Huck, an uncivilized, pragmatic child, has had little if any controlling influence in his life. His father Pap is an abusive alcoholic who kidnaps him in the beginning of the novel, setting the scene for his disappearance and the ensuing journey. Huck meets Jim, an escaped slave, and accepts him as a companion, as they are both running for their freedom. However, Huck still sees Jim as a slave, a piece of property, rather than a human. This changes as the two journey down the Mississippi River, becoming dependent on each other, one filling both a practical ! and emotional need of the other. This bond begins to fade from view as the book strays from Huck and Jim with the introduction of the Duke and the Dauphin, and gets progressively further from view towards the end of the book. Eventually, When Twain re-introduces Tom in the end of the novel, he removes Huck and Jim?s relationship as the focus of the book and thereby dilutes his message. Huck and Jim begin their travels together as two very different people running in the same direction, yet end as the closest of friends. In the beginning, Huck and Jim stay together out of need because Jim needs a white person to run with to avoid being captured as a slave, and Huck is lonely by himself. Running together, they gradually become good friends, but their camaraderie is not cemented until they are separated and later reunited in chapter fifteen. In this chapter, the two are separated in a dense fog near Cairo, their destination, where the Ohio river joins the Mississippi. After many hours, Huck finally makes his way back to the raft, which he finds with one broken oar and covered with debris. Jim is sleeping, and Huck, still in a childish state of mind, decides to play a joke on Jim by pretending that he was never lost. He pretends to wake up next to Jim, who is overjoyed to see him, and convinces him that the whole episode was a dream. When Jim finally rea! lizes that Huck is fooling him, he admonishes him sharply for it, "?my heart wuz mos' broke bekase you wuz los', en I didn' k'yer no' mo' what become er me en de raf'. En when I wake up en fine you back agin, all safe en soun', de tears come, en I could a got down on my knees en kiss yo' foot, I's so thankful. En all you wuz thinkin' 'bout wuz how you could make a fool uv ole Jim wid a lie. Dat truck dah is TRASH; en trash is what people is dat puts dirt on de head er dey fren's en makes 'em ashamed." (Twain, 109) It is here that Jim?s association with Huck?s really becomes paternal, for Jim?s words are those of a responsible father whose son has acted shamefully. Jim?s words have a profound affect on Huck, who realizes that Jim is a person, and that his feelings can be hurt. Regardless of his former friendship with Jim, he still considered him a lowly slave until then. In the early 1800?s in the South, blacks were slaves, and the social order was accepted. Most people thought nothing of black rights, they were considered property. As Huck states, "I was stealing a poor old woman's nigger that hadn't ever done me no harm?"(Twain, 271) Twain?s installation of Jim as a symbolic father for Huck is a rejection of this sentiment, in that he sees Jim as a person, and a far better one than Huck?s real father who, despite his white skin, never treated Huck as a good father should. Pap seems to typify the whites in this story, most of whom are ethically barren in one way or another. The Duke and

Coordinate Geometry on ACT Math Strategies and Practice

Coordinate Geometry on ACT Math Strategies and Practice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Coordinate geometry is a big focus on the ACT math section, and you’ll need to know its many facets in order to tackle the variety of coordinate geometry questions you’ll see on the test. Luckily, coordinate geometry is not difficult to visualize or wrap your head around once you know the basics. And we are here to walk you through them. There will usually be three questions on any given ACT that involve points alone, and another two to three questions that will involve lines and slopes and/or rotations, reflections, or translations. These topics are tested by about 10% of your ACT math questions, so it is a good idea to understand the ins and outs of coordinate geometry before you tackle the test. This article will be your complete guide to points and the building blocks for coordinate geometry: I will explain how to find and manipulate points, distances, and midpoints, and give you strategies for solving these types of questions on the ACT. What Is Coordinate Geometry? Geometry always takes place on a plane, which is a flat surface that goes on infinitely in all directions. The coordinate plane refers to a plane that has scales of measurement along the x and y-axes. Coordinate geometry is the geometry that takes place in the coordinate plane. Coordinate Scales The x-axis is the scale that measures horizontal distance along the coordinate plane. The y-axis is the scale that measures vertical distance along the coordinate plane. The intersection of the two planes is called the origin. We can find any point along the infinite span of the plane by using its position along the x and y-axes and its distance from the origin. We mark this location with coordinates, written as (x, y). The x value tells us how far along (and in which direction) our point is along the x-axis. The y value tells us how far along (and in which direction) our point is along the y-axis. For instance, take look at the following graph. This point is 4 units to the right of the origin and 2 units above the origin. This means that our point is located at coordinates (4, 2). Anywhere to the right of the origin will have a positive x value. Anywhere left of the origin will have a negative x value. Anywhere vertically above the origin will have a positive y value. Anywhere vertically below the origin will have a negative y value. So, if we break up the coordinate plane into four quadrants, we can see that any point will have certain properties in terms of its positivity or negativity, depending on where it is located. Distances and Midpoints When given two coordinate points, you can find both the distance between them as well as the midpoint between the two original points. We can find these values by using formulas or by using other geometry techniques. Let’s breakdown the different ways to solve these types of problems. May you always have fast vehicles (or at least sturdy shoes) for all your distance travel. Distance Formula $√{(x_2-x_1)^2+(y_2-y_1)^2}$ There are two options for finding the distance between two points- using the formula, or using the Pythagorean Theorem. Let’s look at both. Solving Method 1: Distance Formula If you prefer to use formulas on as many questions as you are able, then go ahead and memorize the distance formula above. You will not be provided any formulas on the ACT math section, including the distance formula, so, if you choose this route, make sure you can memorize the formula accurately and call upon it as needed. (Remember- a formula you remember incorrectly is worse than not knowing a formula at all.) You will have to memorize each and every ACT math formula you'll need and, for those of you who want to learn as few as possible, the distance formula might be the straw that broke the camel’s back. But for those of you who like formulas and have an easy time memorizing them, adding in the distance formula to your repertoire might not be a problem. So how do we use our formula in action? Let us say we have two points, (-5, 3) and (1, -5), and we must find the distance between the two. If we simply plug our values into our distance formula, we get: $√{(x_2-x_1)^2+(y_2-y_1)^2}$ $√{(1-(-5))^2+(-5-3)^2}$ $√{(6)^2+(-8)^2}$ $√{(36+64)}$ $√100$ 10 The distance between our two points is 10. Solving Method 2: Pythagorean Theorem $a^2+b^2=c^2$ Alternatively, we can always find the distance between two points by using the Pythagorean Theorem. Though, again, you won’t be given any formulas on the ACT math section, you will need to know the Pythagorean Theorem for many different types of questions, and it's a formula you’ve probably had experience using in your math classes in school. This means you will both need to know it for the test anyway, and you probably already do. So why can we use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between points? Because the distance formula is actually derived from the Pythagorean Theorem (and we'll show you how in just a bit). The trade-off is that solving your distance questions this way takes slightly longer, but it also doesn’t require you to expend energy memorizing any more formulas than you absolutely need to and carries less risk of remembering the distance formula wrong. To use the Pythagorean Theorem to find a distance, simply turn the coordinate points and the distance between them into a right triangle, with the distance acting as a hypotenuse. From the coordinates, we can find the lengths of the legs of the triangle and use the Pythagorean Theorem to find our distance. For example, let us use the same coordinates from earlier to find the distance between them using this method instead. Find the distance between the points $(−5,3)$ and $(1,−5)$. First, start by mapping out your coordinates. Next, make the legs of your right triangles. If we count the points along our plane, we can see that we have leg lengths of 6 and 8. Now we can plug these numbers in and use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the final piece of our triangle, the distance between our two points. $a^2+b^2=c^2$ $6^2+8^2=c^2$ $36+64=c^2$ $100=c^2$ $c=10$ The distance between our two points is, once again, 10. [Special Note: If you are familiar with your triangle shortcuts, you may have noticed that this triangle was what we call a 3-4-5 triangle multiplied by 2. Because it is one of the regular right triangles, you technically don’t even need the Pythagorean Theorem to know that the hypotenuse will be 10 if the two legs are 6 and 8. This is a shortcut that can be useful to know, but is not necessary to know, as you can see.] Midpoint Formula $({{x_1+x_2}/2}$ , ${{y_1+y_2}/2})$ In addition to finding the distance between two points, we can also find the midpoint between two coordinate points. Because this will be another point on the plane, it will have its own set of coordinates. If you look at the formula, you can see that the midpoint is the average of each of the values of a particular axis. So the midpoint will always be the average of the x values and the average of the y values, written as a coordinate point. For example, let us take the same points we used for our distance formula, (-5, 3) and (1, -5). If we take the average of our x values, we get: ${-5+1}/2$ $-4/2$ 2 And if we take the average of our y values, we get: ${3+(-5)}/2$ $-2/2$ −1 The midpoint of the line will be at coordinates (−2,−1). If we look at our picture from earlier, we can see that this calculation makes sense. It is difficult to find the midpoint of a line without use of the formula, but thinking of it as finding the average of each axis value, rather than thinking of it as a formal formula, may make it easier to visualize and remember. So what kinds of point and distance questions are on your horizon? Let's take a look. Typical Point Questions Point questions on the ACT will generally fall into one of two categories: questions about how the coordinate plane works and midpoint or distance questions. Let’s look at each type. Coordinate Plane Questions Questions about the coordinate plane test how well you understand exactly how the coordinate plane works, as well as how to manipulate points and lines within it. This can take the form of testing whether or not you understand that the coordinate plane spans infinitely, or how well you understand how negative and positive x and y coordinate values will be, or how well you can visualize points and how they move within the coordinate plane. Let's take a look at an example: We know from our earlier chart that if x is positive and y is negative, then we will be in quadrant IV, and if x is negative and y is positive, we will be in quadrant II. Quadrant I will always have both positive x values and positive y values, and quadrant III will always have both negative x values and negative y values. These do not fit our criteria, so we can eliminate them. This means that our final answer is E, II or IV only. Midpoint and Distance Questions Midpoint and distance questions will be fairly straightforward and ask you for exactly that- the distance or the midpoint between two points. You may have to find distances or midpoints from a scenario question (a hypothetical situation or a story) or simply from a straightforward math question (e.g., â€Å"What is the distance from points (3, -5) and (4, 4)?†). Let’s look at an example of a scenario question, Becky, Lia, and Marian are friends who all live in the same neighborhood. Becky lives 5 miles north of Lia, and Marian lives 12 miles east of Lia. How many miles away do Becky and Marian live from each other? miles 12 miles 13 miles 14 miles 15 miles First, let's make a quick sketch of our scenario. Now, because this is a distance question, we have the option of using either our distance formula or using the Pythagorean Theorem. Since we have already begun by drawing out our diagram, let's continue on this path and simply use the Pythagorean theorem. Now, we can see that we have made a right triangle from the legs of distance we have already. Becky lives 5 miles north and Marian lives 12 miles east, which means that the legs of our triangle will be 5 and 12. Now we can find the hypotenuse by using the Pythagorean theorem. $5^2+12^2=c^2$ $25+144=c^2$ $169=c^2$ $c=√169$ $c=13$ [Note: if you remember your shortcuts for right triangles, you could have saved yourself some time and simply known that our distance/hypotenuse was 13. Why? Because a right triangle with legs of 5 and 12 means we have a 5-12-13 triangle, which means that the hypotenuse will always be 13.] The distance between Becky’s house and Marian’s house is 13 miles. Our final answer is C, 13 miles. On very rare occasions, you may also be asked for something slightly more peculiar on a midpoint or distance formula, such as the product or the sum of the coordinates. This just requires that you take an extra step once you’ve found your new coordinate points, so don’t get thrown by this scenario. We know that our midpoints are the averages of our individual coordinates. This means we can work backwards from our one pair of given coordinates and from our midpoint coordinates to find our second pair of original coordinates. Our first set of original coordinates is at (1,−5), so these will act as our $x_1$ and our $y_1$. And we are told that our midpoint is at (4,−3), so let us set up the problem. First, let us find the value of our $x_2$ (the x-coordinate of point B). ${x_1+x_2}/2=4$ ${1+x_2}/2=4$ $1+x_2=8$ $x_2=7$ Second, let us find the value of our $y_2$ (the y-coordinate of point B). ${y_1+y_2}/2=−3$ ${-5-y_2}/2=-3$ $−5+y_2=−6$ $y_2=−1$ Now we just need to add our two coordinates. $7+(−1)$ 6 Our final answer is C, 6. Now let's talk strategy, strategy, strategy. (Pretty sure saying things three times makes 'em lucky. Or just conjures Beetlejuice. Either way.) ACT Math Strategies for Solving Point Questions Though point questions can come in a variety of forms, there are a few strategies you can follow to help master them. #1: Always Write Down Your Given Information Though it may be tempting to work through questions in your head, it is easy to make mistakes with your point questions if you do not write down your given information. This is especially the case when working with negatives or with absolute values. In addition, most of the time when you are given a diagram with marked points on the coordinate plane, you will not be given coordinates. This is because the test makers feel it would be too simple a problem to solve had you been given coordinates. So take a moment to write down your coordinates and any other given information in order to keep it straight in your head. #2: Draw It Out In addition to writing down your given information, draw pictures of your scenarios. Make your own pictures if you are given none, draw on top of them if you are given diagrams. Never underestimate the value of marking information on a sketch- even a rough approximation can help you keep track of more information than you can (or should try to) in your head. Time and energy are two precious resources at your disposal when taking the ACT and it takes little of each to make a rough sketch, but can cost you a lot more of both to keep all your information in your head. #3: Decide Now Which Formulas You Want to Use If you feel more comfortable using a variety of formulas for a variety of scenarios, then go ahead and memorize the distance formula in addition to all your other need-to-know formulas. But just remember that memorizing a formula wrong is worse than not remembering it at all, so make sure that you memorize and practice all your formula knowledge between now and test day so you can lock it in your head. If, however, you are someone who prefers to dedicate your study efforts elsewhere (or you simply feel that you won’t remember more than a handful of formulas correctly on the day of the test), then go ahead and forget all your â€Å"optional† formulas. Take the time to memorize and use the Pythagorean theorem instead (since you’ll need to know it for a multitude of other types of problems anyway) and wash your hands of the rest of them. You’ll have to know at least a few formulas to do well on the ACT, but you can absolutely get by with only needing a handful, rather than needing to know them all. Test (about to be) in progress. Test Your Knowledge Now, let’s test your point knowledge on a few more real ACT math questions. 1. In the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane, a line segment has its endpoints at $(3,6)$ and $(9,4)$. What are the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment? A. $(3,-1)$B. $(3,1)$C. $(6,2)$D. $(6,5)$E. $(12,10)$ 2. 3. 4. What is the distance between coordinates $(4, -2)$ and $(-4, -6)$? A. $4√5$B. $5√3$C. 8D. $9√3$E. 14 Answers: D, G, F, A Answer Explanations: 1. Here, we have a simple midpoint question, so we just need to find the averages of our coordinates. We are given $(3,6)$ and $(9,4)$, so let us first find the midpoint $x$-coordinate. $${3+9}/2=12/2=6$$ We know our answer must be C or D, since those are the only options that gives us our midpoint $x$-coordinate at 6. Now let us find our $y$-coordinate. $${6+4}/2=10/2=5$$ Our midpoint coordinates will be at (6,5). Our final answer is D, (6,5) 2. If we make a right triangle between the points we are given, we can see that it will have leg lengths of 8 and 8. Because the distance will be in proportion to the legs and the distance between E and D is $1/4$ the distance between E and F, we can take $1/4$ of the distance of each leg. So if we count 2 up from the $x$-coordinate and 2 up from the $y$-coordinate, we get a new coordinate point at (8,6). Our final answer is G, (8,6). 3. This is a question that may appear at first to be a beast to solve, but the principle behind it is not as complex as it looks. Once we've parsed the text, we can see that we are essentially just being asked to find the square root of the sum of the squares of our coordinate values ($√{x^2+y^2}$). The easiest way for us to do this is to plug in our own estimated values for our $z$ points. Because we are not given exact coordinate points, we know we will be able to solve the problem without exact coordinates, which means that a rough estimate will do just fine. So let's give each coordinate point a rough value and say that they are: $z_1=(−5,6$) $z_2=(−3,1)$ $z_3=(−3,−3)$ $z_4=(3,−2)$ $z_5=(5,2)$ Now we need to find the square root of the sum of the squares of our coordinate values ($√{x^2+y^2}$). This means that the squares will cancel out any negative coordinate values (because a negative times a negative is a positive). So we are just looking for whichever $z$ coordinate has the largest absolute value of its coordinates, and these would be $z_5$ and $z_1$. It looks as though $z_1$ will have the largest modulus value, but let's test them both just to be sure. $z_5$ $√{x^2+y^2}$ $√{5^2+2^2}$ $√{25+4}$ $√{29}$ 5.4 And $z_1$: $√{x^2+y^2}$ $√{(−5)^2+6^2}$ $√{25+36}$ $√{61}$ 7.8 The point with the greatest modulus value is $z_1$. Our final answer is F, $z_1$ 4. This is a typical distance question and we can, as always, either use the Pythagorean Theorem or the distance formula. In this case, let's just use the distance formula. $√{(x_2−x_1)^2+(y_2−y_1)^2}$ Our coordinates are: (4,−2) and (−4,−6), so let's plug that into our formula. $√{((−4)−4)^2+((−6)−(−2))^2}$ $√{(−8)^2+(−4)^2}$ $√{64+16}$ $√{80}$ $√16*√5$ $4√5$ (To understand how to reduce roots like this, check out our guide to advanced integers.) Our final answer is A, $4√5$ Oh yeah! You've earned some lasers! The Take-Aways The basic building blocks for coordinate geometry are understanding how the coordinate plane works and how points fit in and can be manipulated in it. Once you've grasped these fundamental concepts, you'll be able to perform more complex coordinate geometry tasks, such as finding slopes and rotating shapes. Coordinate geometry is not an insignificant ACT math topic, but luckily success is mostly a matter of organization and diligence. Be careful to keep track of your negatives and all your moving pieces and you’ll be able to dominate those point questions and all the coordinate geometry the ACT can throw at you. What’s Next? Want to brush up on any of your other math topics? Check out our individual math guides to get the walk-through on each and every topic on the ACT math test. Been procrastinating on your ACT studying? Learn how to overcome your desire to procrastinate and make a well-balanced study plan. Running out of time on the ACT math section? Our guide will help you how to beat the clock and maximize your ACT math score. Trying to get a perfect score? Check out our guide to getting a perfect 36 on ACT math, written by a perfect-scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math lesson, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: {{cta('999536b9-3e8d-43b1-bb4b-469b84affecc')}}

Political and Economical Polices of the Soviet Union Assignment

Political and Economical Polices of the Soviet Union - Assignment Example The term Glasnost is related to the Soviet Union’s open policy on different branches of the government. On the other side, the Perestroika is generally the reformatory political movement in the Soviet Union aiming to bring forth economic and political restructuring. Before trying to evaluate the relevance of these policies at present, one must try to understand the problems which forced the government to implement the same. These policies are still relevant at present in Russian context because the same can help this nation to ensure smooth functioning of the government machinery. Besides, the transformation of Russian Communism from humane concern to Stalinism resulted in the degradation of the system as a whole. One can see that implementation of innovative economic and political policies can help a nation to be at the forefront of development. Within this scenario, change in economic and political policies, apart from Communist ideology, helped Russia to enjoy the benefits of modernization. So, these policies proved to be successful by limiting the influence of Stalinism and prove to be relevant at present. One can see that the US-Russian relations at present are based upon mutual understanding and co-operation. During the Cold War, the relationship was not smooth but based upon suspicion. Besides, both the nations tried their level best to divide the world nations into different blocs based upon ideological differences. In addition, the change in Russian political and economic policies was helpful to move rapidly towards development. Now, the US government does not consider Russia as a potential enemy in the international arena.  

Palliative Care for Urinary Tract Infections in Elderly Patients Essay

Palliative Care for Urinary Tract Infections in Elderly Patients - Essay Example By an extension, the principles of a model of medical reflection also provide a cyclical model which will enable me to reflect upon this problem and subsequently examine my nursing practice as a founding point for further development and improvement in the nursing profession. Description In this paper I will be reflecting on an experience with a patient who was suffering from urinary tract infection, dehydration and dementia, whom I encountered during my community placement. This patient was suffering from Urinary tract infection and dehydration and had been transferred to the ward from Emergency Medical Unit (EMU). The patient was also suffering from dementia and during the handover it was mentioned that she could be both verbally and physically aggressive. It was also handed over that she had intravenous (IV) fluids prescribed and needed a cannula insertion as she had removed the one previously in place. This involved a patient who will be referred to as Mrs P, in order to maintain confidentiality and anonymity (NMC 2008). Mrs P was an elderly 79-year old woman who was suffering from dehydration and urinary tract infection. Mrs P had also been diagnosed with dementia, and was reported as being aggressive both physically and verbally. Feelings Initially when we opted to insert the cannula into the patient initially she agreed to our intentions only to turn aggressive and unmanageable, later my mentor advised the matron to insert the cannula, which she did though without the patient’s consent, as the patient shouted and almost made the whole process impossible. I was disturbed by these two related events, first, the patient’s aggressiveness and two, our forceful way to inserting the cannula into the patient. Thus these situations brought in me a need to find out more about the patient and their condition, and the consequences of the matron’s decision. When I met the patient I felt sympathetic towards her and her insistence to refusing the c annula insertion given her general condition. A mixture of thoughts crossed my mind, although I could understand why she did not want to undergo the process, but this thought was not conclusive for me as a medical student. On reflection it seemed a positive experience as it allowed me to see how people cope differently with medical conditions, and the impact it has on the patient and the entire therapeutic process. Evaluation During this experience I thought that the nursing team had built a good professional relationship with the patient and therapeutic process. The patient had plenty of time to discuss any concerns or issues that she had and any of her reasons for refusal the cannula insertion. In my mind, I had theorized that the issues that had been discussed or ought to be discussed included issues such as symptom management; how the patient is feeling is important and needs to be taken into consideration. This would also need to be discussed with her partner alone, to find out how she is feeling and to find the best medical alternative for her treatment. This is why the Visual Analogue Scale could have been helpful for monitoring the progression of the patient’s condition (Crichton 2001). Since I have used the tool before, I find it to be beneficial for effective monitoring of patient’s condition because it was a good indicator as to when we would need to adjust her analgesia using the World Health Organization (WHO)Â  analgesic ladder (WHO, 2005).

A Road Not Taken Poetry Explication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Road Not Taken Poetry Explication - Essay Example Then in November 8, 1894, The Independent newspaper of New York published his first ever professional poem. In 1985, Frost married his long time girlfriend and fiancee Elinor Miriam White. She proved to be a significant inspiration in Frosts poetry until her death in 1938. The couple had moved to Britain in 1912 after a failure of their New Hampshire farm. It was there that Frost met other modern day poets as Rupert Brooke, Robert Graves and Edward Thomas who inspired and motivated him. While there, Frost also found friendship in poet Ezra pound who contributed to the promotion and publication of Frost’s work. At the time, of his return to the United States in 1915 Frost had published two full collections, North of Boston and A Boy’s will which had established his reputation as a re-known poet. Frost went on to become the most celebrated poet in America increasing his fame and honors with each new book. Though his work was some-what of traditional form and by principle associated with life of New England, Frost is merely a neither minor nor regional poet. The author of mystical and often searching themes, Frost is a modern poet in how he adhered to language and the complexity of his work through its layers of irony and ambiguity. Until his death in Boston on January 29, 1963, Robert Frost taught and lived in Massachusetts and Vermont for years. The road not taken is a metaphorical poem relating to the period and the amount of consideration it takes an individual to make a momentous decision. In reference to Frost’s biography, he made decisions that turned his life around totally. In the poem, the road not taken uses the path as a general metaphor for his life. He starts. â€Å" Two roads diverge in a yellow wood†(Line 1) Here Frost introduces the metaphorical two roads which are primary to the poem. â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long there I stood.† (Lines 2 and 3)According to the phrase Frost is trying to explain to us that we find ourselves in situations where necessity dictates it for us to make decisions. Where we have to choose this over the other, some of us spend quite a substantial amount of time deliberating over things, trying to trying to identify the best decision. Robert himself at one point in life made the decision to quit Harvard. He went to live on his farm with his wife to concentrate more on his poetry writing. In the process of making this decision, he must have deliberated on what is best for him and what makes him happy. In this stanza of the poem, Robert Frost writes that he is at a crossroad where he has to choose which way he was going to embark on, to continue with his journey. Day after day we find ourselves in situations where we need to make choices. Some involve little things others might change our lives wholly, thus the need to take our time to think about what would be the decision in relation to our lives. This stanza aptly explains this ph enomenon, since Frost describes how he is at that intersection for a long while trying to decide which path would serve him best. When we look at the second stanza Frost also writes â€Å"Then took the other, as just as fair.† (Line 1) Frost explains how he gave both paths an equal amount of thought and concentration. Frost continues to explain his actions by asserting that one should not look at his or her choices without carefully thinking things over.

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Finance - Essay Example These open ended funds are still hailing the demanding curse of present age. Using the mutual fund scheme was more beneficial for the investors and was less fruitful for the manager or the body managing and investing the funds. Therefore to make more money from limited funds a newer system was stemmed into the fabric of trade. That system was to engage poor into this business by investing money in the form of blocks. This trick helped the managing body to withdraw more money out of the flow in the form of commission. On the contrary it involved less investment share which was easy to contribute by an average investors. Hence it had the characteristics of close ended mutual fund accompanied by replication of index. This system was easy to manipulate and friendly to the traders. In a nut shell the trade of funds took place in exchange of securities. It was a simple game that could be played without time limit. It had small shares than mutual funds, was more idealized and encouraged by majority of traders and investors. This scheme of investing the funds was given the name of exchange trade funds. It is the combination of index fund and close ended fund. Exchange trade system is more efficient than mutual fund system because it is easy to trade on fewer expanses and trade does not have time limits, buying and selling can be performed in same day. â€Å"ETFs have very low expense ratios, are traded intraday and are purchased from the secondary market through a broker who receives a commission†. (Rogers 108) The idea of joint or combined investment is centuries old even when there was no concept of currency. This fashion of mutual investment was started by the merchants particularly in Europe. While peeping into the past, the merchants of 17th century practiced to take their goods to the far areas where they were able to earn a handsome interest on their investment. But the urge to gain more profit forced their minds to seek some new

Monique and the Mango Rains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Monique and the Mango Rains - Essay Example She did this by saving lives and giving hopes to people in a place where giving birth was risky (Holloway 78, 2007). Kris majors on exemplifying the passion of changing the lives of women facing poverty and unhappy marriages. In this essay, the obstacles faced by Malian Minianka women in achieving higher status, and relating gendered inequality to anthropological concepts such as marriage, economy, and reproductive health issues are aptly discussed. Part 2; Gender Norms and Stratification in Mali In gender norms in Mali, the local culture in which Monique was brought up had strict guidelines that guided women on how to handle themselves. For example, the society was against the idea of using birth control pills; thus, she had to this secretly. The issue of health inequality was the core factor that caused the obstacles experienced by women in this region. In gender stratification, it is established that it is responsible for the maternity-related deaths of 500 000 women annually. The mortality rate for women losing their lives during birth was about 1 in every 12 women. Kris writes on how the region has the highest maternal mortality rates and highest fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that less than 6% of women in their fertility season used contraception, and women that suffered genital ablation was above 96% in their childhood. 1 in 5 children born die immaturely before they reach their 5th birthday. Part 3; Marriage Marriage in this region was not gender sensitive since women were limited in doing certain jobs and denied credit for their hard work in the society. For example, Monique failed to get support from her husband and was trapped in an arranged marriage. They were forced to stay in a marriage despite the problems they encountered since annulment was not encouraged in marriages. Women that divorced their partners were snatched their children. The marriage system was gender insensitive since men were perceived in the society as low and had no value in the society. They were strained into marriages at an exceptionally tender age; hence, facing the challenges of giving birth. Part 4; Economy According to the Kris, the socio-political issues and instable economy was another factor that increased the obstacles women had to face in the society. Women’s economy was low to extent that they could not access proper medical services. For example, Monique suffered from severe mouth pains and was unable to access apt treatment on her dental pains. Women received exceptionally low salary despite the amount of work they did in division of labor. For example, Monique worked incessantly by edifying the community on health issues, but was paid a low salary unfortunately (Holloway 11, 2007). Women in this region also lacked recognition despite the efforts they enacted to the society, and were also not given time rest. There was the lack of running water, skilled and trained doctors, and lack of adequate medical equipments especially for emergencies. Part 5; Reproductive Health Issues The obstacle faced by Malian Minianka women is receiving quality and apt health care services to secure their health. The book recounts the story of a local health worker located at Nampossela in Mali. Women at this region faced the intricacy of accessing apt medication from the government and nongovernmental organizations. Kris shows how Monique offered health care services like prenatal consultations, health demonstrations freely (Holloway 78, 2007). Others included; assisting pregnant ladies in giving birth, administering vaccinations, and solving minor health predicament she had the ability to treat (Holloway 2007, 8). Monique and the Mango Rains highlights a

What i lern from class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What i lern from class - Essay Example Mentally, the sport has made me alert. I always used to be lazy but I found that to play well one must have one-pointed concentration. There has to be hand-eye coordination which demands concentration on what you are doing. Thus it has improved my concentration power. Another thing I realized is that since the total concentration is on the game, the mind is not free to think or worry. Perhaps this is the reason that one feels relaxed after playing the game, as during the period one is engaged in the game, the mind is free of anxieties. Concentration on the game being played has another advantage. The mind has no time to think whether I will win or lose. One just plays. This means the work is done without thinking of the results. If the mind if diverted even for a second, we can make a mistake in striking, thereby spoiling the game. The game has also helped me gain confidence in talking and interacting with others. I used to be very shy but since I have started taking lessons, we have to mix with others and play together. This game promotes interpersonal relations and it has helped me develop confidence in my abilities. I did not know that I possess certain abilities such as the ability to get along with others. Now, I look forward to playing Table Tennis as it is a great leisure activity. However, it demands stamina, strength and one has to be agile. To undertake even the training lessons, one needs strength because the different strokes that one has to play is like a workout where all the limbs receive full exercise. Another major advantage with Table Tennis is that it is an indoor game and one can play whenever one wants. It is not dependent on the weather and all it requires is just another partner. In fact, to train and learn, one can even play alone. I have been so motivated by the numerous benefits of the game and fascinated by the game itself

Monique and the Mango Rains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Monique and the Mango Rains - Essay Example She did this by saving lives and giving hopes to people in a place where giving birth was risky (Holloway 78, 2007). Kris majors on exemplifying the passion of changing the lives of women facing poverty and unhappy marriages. In this essay, the obstacles faced by Malian Minianka women in achieving higher status, and relating gendered inequality to anthropological concepts such as marriage, economy, and reproductive health issues are aptly discussed. Part 2; Gender Norms and Stratification in Mali In gender norms in Mali, the local culture in which Monique was brought up had strict guidelines that guided women on how to handle themselves. For example, the society was against the idea of using birth control pills; thus, she had to this secretly. The issue of health inequality was the core factor that caused the obstacles experienced by women in this region. In gender stratification, it is established that it is responsible for the maternity-related deaths of 500 000 women annually. The mortality rate for women losing their lives during birth was about 1 in every 12 women. Kris writes on how the region has the highest maternal mortality rates and highest fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that less than 6% of women in their fertility season used contraception, and women that suffered genital ablation was above 96% in their childhood. 1 in 5 children born die immaturely before they reach their 5th birthday. Part 3; Marriage Marriage in this region was not gender sensitive since women were limited in doing certain jobs and denied credit for their hard work in the society. For example, Monique failed to get support from her husband and was trapped in an arranged marriage. They were forced to stay in a marriage despite the problems they encountered since annulment was not encouraged in marriages. Women that divorced their partners were snatched their children. The marriage system was gender insensitive since men were perceived in the society as low and had no value in the society. They were strained into marriages at an exceptionally tender age; hence, facing the challenges of giving birth. Part 4; Economy According to the Kris, the socio-political issues and instable economy was another factor that increased the obstacles women had to face in the society. Women’s economy was low to extent that they could not access proper medical services. For example, Monique suffered from severe mouth pains and was unable to access apt treatment on her dental pains. Women received exceptionally low salary despite the amount of work they did in division of labor. For example, Monique worked incessantly by edifying the community on health issues, but was paid a low salary unfortunately (Holloway 11, 2007). Women in this region also lacked recognition despite the efforts they enacted to the society, and were also not given time rest. There was the lack of running water, skilled and trained doctors, and lack of adequate medical equipments especially for emergencies. Part 5; Reproductive Health Issues The obstacle faced by Malian Minianka women is receiving quality and apt health care services to secure their health. The book recounts the story of a local health worker located at Nampossela in Mali. Women at this region faced the intricacy of accessing apt medication from the government and nongovernmental organizations. Kris shows how Monique offered health care services like prenatal consultations, health demonstrations freely (Holloway 78, 2007). Others included; assisting pregnant ladies in giving birth, administering vaccinations, and solving minor health predicament she had the ability to treat (Holloway 2007, 8). Monique and the Mango Rains highlights a

Discussion about the human life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion about the human life - Essay Example Destruction of human life is a consequence of reckless and irresponsible driving amongst many drivers. When people get deployed, sacked or fail to pass their final exams, we get irritated but at least our lives are not endangered. When we are on the road, however, irresponsible motor vehicle drivers are more than irritating: They put our lives at risk and many of us have witnessed careless, reckless, incompetent drivers exchanging lanes, not observing road signs and traffic lights. For example nearly or hitting down pedestrians in a pedestrian crossing. A number of bills to regulate proper use of roads (Traffics Act Rules) have been introduced in state legislatures , the time has know come to push for their enactment as these regulation is will help careless, reckless drivers seriously impaired. There is no doubt that reckless driving cause traffic deaths and permanent disabilities. Not observing road signs and other Traffic Rule Acts have caused many fatal accidents leaving many phy sically and emotionally challenged. Physically the casualties either lose their legs or either part of their body. While emotionally they become somehow mentally retarded due to ether accident, divorce, life challenges, and religion. Some quotes that attempt to provide an insight on the above discussion include: â€Å"I profoundly agree with you, and I`ve always felt that one of the things that is wrong with religion is that it teaches us to be satisfied with answers which are not really answers at all (236)†; â€Å"When it’s gone, you`ll know what a gift love was. You`ll suffer like this. So go back and fight to keep it† that talks about enduring love. In addition, McEwan describes life experiences when he asserts that â€Å"although you think the world is at your feet, it can rise up and tread on you.† There are other quotes that describe the position of McEwan in respect to life when he asserts that â€Å"the cost of oblivious daydreaming was always t his moment of return, the realignment with what had been before and now seemed a little worse† (201). This quotes talks about proximity in life experiences. McEwan (178) points out that â€Å"a story was a form of telepathy. By means of linking symbols onto a page thoughts and feelings from her mind to her reader`s. It was a magical process, so commonplace that no one stopped to wonder at it.† Question Two Atonement is an aspect allowing individuals who have committed some crime or are involved in unethical practices to gain freedom from mental anguish and torture arising from the guilt o being a criminal. After engaging in many criminal activities, Briony is still not ready to atone for the same. In her final scene with McAvoy and Knightly they describe what she must atone for her sin. She does not do this â€Å"I no longer saw what purpose it would serve† (McEwan 198). From the perspective of Briony’s crime, it is not easy to forgive. Briony felt betraye d at the fountain not only that Robbie had sex with her younger sister but also turned up not knight she also waited for long so the lie developed into a disease of guilt. Through her we get the two major issues; jealousy and betrayal. â€Å"Save me â€Å"scene Robbie perception of what went wrong with Briony and herself. Briony telling Fiona it happened when she was 10 years old and she tells Robbie â€Å"I love you†. At the same time Briony knew all that happened at the fountain, from her view Robbie ordered Cecilia to strip down to her underwear and go into the fountain Robbie too attacked Cee in library. In real sense Lola was not raped but was engaging in consensual sex. â€Å"Save me† scene Broiny shows us jealousy where she jumped into the river to show her love issue. The purest â€Å"

Egypt country, the continent of africa

Egypt country, the continent of africa Egypt, is a country located in the far north-east of the continent of Africa, bordered on the north south-east coast of the Mediterranean Sea on the east coast of north-west of the Red Sea and an area of 1,002,450 square kilometers. Egypt is a state for the majority of its territory in Africa, however, part of its territory, the Sinai Peninsula, is located in the continent of Asia. Egypt borders to the west with Libya, and south with Sudan, and north-east with Israel, the Gaza Strip, overlooking the Red Sea from the eastern side. Pass through its territory the Suez Canal, which separates the Asian part of this part of Africa. The focus of most of Egypts population in the valley of the Nile, particularly in Greater Cairo, which nearly a quarter of the population, and Alexandria; also live most of the population remaining in the Delta and on both coasts of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea and the cities of the Suez Canal and occupy the premises as a 40 thousand square kilometers. While a majority of the desert area of the Republic and is not built-up. Most of the population in Egypt is now urban, a quarter in the Greater Cairo. [Edit]origin of the name Egypts name in Arabic and other Semitic languages, is derived from the root of an old Sami could mean the country or simple (period), which also means for tressor Almknonp. While the Hebrew name Mizraim mentioned inthe Torah (OldTestament) as the son of welding Ben Noah, a grand father who hails from the ancient Pharaonic people to the knowledge of mythology, biblical (Genesischapters 10,[1]6), and known to Arabs as â€Å"Egypt.† Name that was known forthe Pharaoh sin their home language is the KMT, which means â€Å"black earth†, a metaphor for the land of the Nile Valley and the black to distinguish it from the red desert earth Dchert surroundings. Names are defined in several European languages derived from the name in Latin Ijptos Aegyptus derived in turn from the Greek Oijeptus, the name is explained by some as a derivative of the Ka Ptah landeda focus of the spirit of Ptahis the name of the Temple of Ptah, in the ancient capital of Memphis, in keeping with an ongoing exercise to the day in the commonality between the countrys name and the name of its capital. [Edit]history Crystal Clear app kdict.png Main article: History of Egypt [Edit]Ancient History And built around the valley of the Nileone of the first human civilizations, evolved early to state with a central government, emerged as the Kingdom of the North Mmketan and symbolized by the Red Crown and the Kingdom of the South in the south of the border of modern Egypt, and symbolized by the crown-and-white, while each of the Kingdom of the king and the crown logo and own it do not know the specific date on which grew by these or any Almmketan many details from them. And the beginning of written history is the emergence of the Kingdom that included the Nile Valley from its mouth up to the water fall capitalof Memphis in about 3100 BC by the king of semi-mythical traditionally known as Mina (and can be Narmer or Hor Aha) and the Standardization of his kingdoms of the north and south Egyptian. The era of this country a comprehensive renaissance in all aspects of life, where he reached the Egyptian hiero glyphicsto rule after the families of successive ownership over the next three thousand years to be longer unitary States history;[2]

Immigration and Change as Natural :: Globalization Immigration Migration Essays

Immigration and Change as Natural Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs, by Cathy A. Small, is both interesting and entertaining reading. This ethnography of social change of a Pacific island nation, is a fine example of how a system of chiefdoms evolves into a monetary system. It also served to demonstrate how this process affected immigration in mainstream America. My first reaction stemmed from a political theory class I took. This in conjunction with, sociologist Saskia Sassen’s article â€Å"Why Migration† , about the reasons why migration has become a key element of contemporary global society, brought to mind the writings of Karl Marx. Marx who lived from 1818-1883, write extensively on the capitalist form of government and criticized it openly. Although I do not agree with the Marxist school of thought in general, I saw many truths in the things that he proclaimed. Among these he addressed the inroads of capitalism and its corruption of other societies. These issues, along with the many readings we have had, brought to the forefront some of my own feeling of discontent with our present society and world globalization, a discontent different and at times very similar to those who migrate. In â€Å"Why Migration?†, Sassen states, â€Å"The central role played by the United States in the emergence of a global economy over the past 30 years lies at the core of why people migrate here in ever increasing numbers†(Sassen 14). The author goes on to tell how the flow of capitalist goods, services and information creates links between the United States and other countries. These links become bridges across which migrants, like the Tongans flow. With this in mind I could not help thinking how right Marx was, and how well he had forecasted Tongan transnationalism. In â€Å"The German Ideology† Marx writes, in reference to capitalists and their goods, â€Å"in place of old wants satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants requiring for satisfaction the production of distant lands and culture.† He also writes, â€Å"In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency we have intercourse in every direction, universal interdependence of nations† (Marx 162). This to me best sums up the transition of Tongan society. It seems to be the epitome of the issues Sassen raised in â€Å"Why Migration?†, issues that were relevant in Tonga’s new found transnationalism.

Ionic Bond :: essays research papers

When ionic solids dissolve, they divide to give their positive and negative ions that make up the solids. These ions become hydrates and have the same relative proportions when in solution and when solid. The more the solid dissolves, the more the ion’s concentration increases. This increase and build-up allows for the reverse reaction to occur. In this phase of the reaction the ions crystallise out in order for the reaction to have a greater chance of occurring. Eventually the rate of dissolving will equal the rate of crystallisation. This is the state of saturation. This can be recognised by a constant colour or constant mass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The solubility product constant, Ksp is given in the following example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp for AgCl is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp = [Ag][Cl]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp for PbI2 is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp = [Pb][I]2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This gives the relationship between the ions in the saturated solution and is the maximum concentration possible without creating precipitation. In this lab, solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide will be mixed at a number of dilutions. The reactions will then be observed to see at which point a precipitate no longer occurs. Ksp will then be stated as a range of values at room temperature, and the precipitate test tubes will be heated until the precipitate is dissolved so that Ksp may be observed and determined at different levels. In this experiment various solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide were mixed at a number of different dilutions. Through the observation of the amount – or lack of precipitate formed in each dilution, the mathematical relationship between the ions in a saturated dilution may be determined. This relationship is known as the solubility product constant, or Ksp, and is defined as follows, “The Ksp for an ionic solid is given by the product of the concentrations of the ions, each raised to the power of the coefficients in the dissolving reaction.'; (Heath Chemistry). The Ksp expression gives the maximum possible concentration of ions in a saturated solution without causing precipitation. Based on the equation for this experiment we can conclude that the ksp expression for this experiment is: Ksp = [Pb][I]2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ksp for lead iodide at 25oC is 8.5x10^-9. Through the substitution of the values for each test tube, the trial product, or KSPtrial was obtained. A precipitate then formed in those test tubes who’s KSPtrial was greater than the Ksp, whereas if the KSPtrial was calculated as being less than the Ksp, no precipitate formed. Ionic Bond :: essays research papers When ionic solids dissolve, they divide to give their positive and negative ions that make up the solids. These ions become hydrates and have the same relative proportions when in solution and when solid. The more the solid dissolves, the more the ion’s concentration increases. This increase and build-up allows for the reverse reaction to occur. In this phase of the reaction the ions crystallise out in order for the reaction to have a greater chance of occurring. Eventually the rate of dissolving will equal the rate of crystallisation. This is the state of saturation. This can be recognised by a constant colour or constant mass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The solubility product constant, Ksp is given in the following example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp for AgCl is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp = [Ag][Cl]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp for PbI2 is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp = [Pb][I]2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This gives the relationship between the ions in the saturated solution and is the maximum concentration possible without creating precipitation. In this lab, solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide will be mixed at a number of dilutions. The reactions will then be observed to see at which point a precipitate no longer occurs. Ksp will then be stated as a range of values at room temperature, and the precipitate test tubes will be heated until the precipitate is dissolved so that Ksp may be observed and determined at different levels. In this experiment various solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide were mixed at a number of different dilutions. Through the observation of the amount – or lack of precipitate formed in each dilution, the mathematical relationship between the ions in a saturated dilution may be determined. This relationship is known as the solubility product constant, or Ksp, and is defined as follows, “The Ksp for an ionic solid is given by the product of the concentrations of the ions, each raised to the power of the coefficients in the dissolving reaction.'; (Heath Chemistry). The Ksp expression gives the maximum possible concentration of ions in a saturated solution without causing precipitation. Based on the equation for this experiment we can conclude that the ksp expression for this experiment is: Ksp = [Pb][I]2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ksp for lead iodide at 25oC is 8.5x10^-9. Through the substitution of the values for each test tube, the trial product, or KSPtrial was obtained. A precipitate then formed in those test tubes who’s KSPtrial was greater than the Ksp, whereas if the KSPtrial was calculated as being less than the Ksp, no precipitate formed.